How to correctly cite articles from electronic journals?

Electronic journal citations require inclusion of both standard bibliographic elements and digital location identifiers. Citing e-journals is standard practice and fully supported by major citation styles. The core principle involves supplementing traditional print citation elements with reliable, persistent locators like DOIs or URLs. Essential components are author, year, article title, journal name (in italics), volume/issue, page range (or article number/e-locator), the persistent identifier, and often an access date for URLs. Always prioritize using a DOI when available, as it is the most stable and preferred identifier; otherwise, provide a stable URL. Parenthetical citations follow the style's standard format matching the reference list entry. Implementation requires first identifying all necessary elements: authors, publication year, article title, journal title with volume/issue numbers, article page range or e-locator, and the persistent identifier. Begin the reference entry with author(s) and publication year. Next, include the article title and the journal title italicized, followed by volume, issue number (if applicable) in parentheses, and the article's page range or electronic locator. Conclude with the locator: use "https://doi.org/[DOI Number]" for DOIs, or include a direct URL prefaced with "Retrieved from" and include an access date. Parenthetical in-text citations generally contain the author's last name and publication year. Apply variations consistently according to specific style guides (e.g., APA, IEEE, NLM). This ensures scholarly accuracy, facilitates source retrieval, and upholds academic integrity.