What are the special format requirements when citing medical literature?

Citing medical literature requires adherence to standardized formats like AMA (American Medical Association), Vancouver, or NLM (National Library of Medicine), which prioritize clarity, conciseness, and unambiguous sourcing of evidence. These systems generally use sequential superscript numbers in-text corresponding to a numerically ordered reference list. Key requirements include consistently numbering references in the order they first appear. Author listings often truncate beyond a specified number (e.g., 6 authors), using "et al." Journal titles must be abbreviated according to authoritative sources like MEDLINE journals in NLM or ISO in AMA/Vancouver. Volume, issue, page numbers, year, and the Digital Object Identifier (DOI) or PubMed ID (PMID) are mandatory elements. Unique to medical citations is the necessity of accurately reporting clinical trial registration numbers when applicable and distinguishing between different publication states like "Epub ahead of print." Special attention is needed for citing datasets and preprints. Proper citation is vital for academic integrity, enabling verification of evidence-based claims. Consistent format allows efficient location of sources, facilitates systematic reviews, and upholds the credibility essential for scientific communication, clinical guidelines, and informed healthcare decisions.