What should I do when citing an online article that doesn't have a DOI?

When citing an online article without a DOI, use its permanent URL and include a retrieval date. Stable alternatives like permalinks should be prioritized. Key principles involve utilizing the article's URL from a publisher's site or credible database, ensuring the link is as stable and direct as possible. If available and applicable, the name of the database containing the article (e.g., JSTOR, ProQuest) should be cited instead of a volatile website URL. Always include the date the article was retrieved (e.g., "Retrieved May 3, 2024") to account for potential future content changes or removal. Crucially, verify the link's functionality during the writing process. Avoid shortened URLs like bit.ly. This practice facilitates source verification and academic integrity. Adhering to style guide specifics (e.g., APA's preference for database names over URLs where feasible, MLA's reliance on stable URLs) ensures proper attribution and allows readers to locate the material effectively, supporting the credibility of the research.